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電腦觀點-初學者討論區 • 檢視主題 - 電腦與列表機之間是如何溝通的?

電腦與列表機之間是如何溝通的?

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電腦與列表機之間是如何溝通的?

文章LokiYeh » 週二 10月 21, 2008 11:58 am

LokiYeh
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一般會員
 
文章: 1
註冊時間: 週二 10月 21, 2008 11:40 am

文章imdotal » 週五 10月 31, 2008 5:20 am

晶片組是一組共同工作的積體電路(「晶片」),並作為一個產品銷售。它負責將電腦的核心——微處理器和機器的其他部分相連接,是決定主板級別的重要部件。以往,晶片組由多顆晶片組成,慢慢的簡化為兩顆晶片。

在計算機領域,「晶片組」術語通常是特指計算機主板或擴展卡上的晶片。當討論基於英特爾的奔騰級處理器的個人電腦時,晶片組一詞通常指兩個主要的主板晶片組:北橋和南橋。晶片組的製造商可以,通常也是獨立於主板的製造商。比如PC主板晶片組包括NVIDIA的nForce晶片組和威盛電子公司的KT880,都是為AMD處理器開發的,或英特爾許多晶片組。

單晶片晶元組已推出多年,例如SiS 730。但直到最近nForce 4的出現才逐漸流行。現在的單晶片晶元組,不像以往般複雜╴,皆因Athlon 64已內建記憶體控制器,取代了北橋的功能。縱使晶元組變成單晶片,習慣上亦沿用舊名稱。

北橋:
北橋是基於Intel處理器的個人電腦主板晶片組兩枚晶片中的一枚。北橋設計用來處理高速信號,通常處理中央處理器、隨機存取內存、AGP或PCI Express的埠,還有南橋之間的通信。

傳統的北橋內建記憶體控制器,讓處理器連接前端匯流排,而處理器和記憶體匯流排則跑相同的時脈。隨後,晶片組分開處理器和記憶體匯流排的頻率,讓前端匯流排只代表處理器和北橋之間的通道。

北橋留下來的只剩下AGP或PCI Express控制器和與南橋通信。有時北橋和南橋整合在同顆晶片中,有一些北橋則連繪圖處理器也整合進去,而另外支援AGP或PCI Express介面。整合式北橋會偵測到附加在AGP插槽上有安裝顯示卡,並停止其繪圖處理器功能。但有些北橋可以允許同時使用整合式顯示卡和安裝外加顯示卡,作為多顯示輸出。


近來的發展
AMD在Athlon 64時代,將記憶體匯流排整個拿掉,直接設計到處理器中,讓北橋的功能只是支援外加顯示卡介面,例如AGP和PCI Express x16。由於北橋的重要性降低,有廠商索性將南北橋合併,成為單一晶片組,例如NVIDIA的nForce 4。這樣可以減低晶片組的製造成本,亦令電腦的功率降低。

南橋:
南橋是基於Intel處理器的個人電腦主板晶片組兩枚晶片中的一枚。南橋設計用來處理低速信號,通過北橋與CPU聯繫。各晶片組廠商的南橋名稱都有所不同,例如英特爾稱之為ICH,NVIDIA的稱為MCP,ATI的稱為IXP/SB。

南橋包含大多數周邊設備介面、多媒體控制器和通訊介面功能。例如PCI控制器、ATA控制器、USB控制器、網路控制器、音效控制器。各世代的南橋效能大多雷同,但偶然聽到某些南橋會有較差的Serial ATA或USB效能。

目前所有的南橋製造商都提供SATA磁碟陣列功能,NVIDIA則允許SATA和ATA硬碟機混合組成磁碟陣列。最新的英特爾Matrix RAID技術,讓RAID-0和RAID-1組態可以在兩顆硬碟機中同時使用。

大多數南橋都能直接連接Gigabit Lan PHY(實體層晶片,用來處理連接訊號),高階的南橋通常擁有兩組Gigabit Lan PHY,不過中階的主機板則只支援一組。而NVIDIA最新的南橋則支援頻寬合併、封包排序和TCP/IP加速等高級網路卡功能。現在大部份高級南橋則支援Azalia高傳真音效,藉著編碼晶片支援7.1聲道音效。

大多數南橋都支援PCI Express Hub,但主機板製造商通常採用北橋所提供的PCI Express Lane。

轉載至維基百科......
imdotal
一般會員
一般會員
 
文章: 41
註冊時間: 週六 6月 30, 2007 5:53 am


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